Russia provided satellite intelligence from 24 surveys of 46 targets including US bases to Iran between March 21 and 31, with surveyed sites subsequently struck within days. Russian hackers are collaborating with Iran's Handala Hack unit against Gulf critical infrastructure. The partnership represents Russian functional participation in strikes on US forces and elevates Iran's cyber threat posture against US-facing networks.

: A projectile struck Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant on March 17. No radiation release or casualties reported. IAEA warned of nuclear safety threshold breach. Russia condemned the attack; ~480 Rosatom staff remain on site. A new undisclosed underground enrichment site at Isfahan was also disclosed by the IAEA on March 18.